# [[Black Box]] ![[Black Box.svg]] A "Black Box" in [[Tech|computer science]] refers to a component, application, or system that cannot be [[Observability|observed]] except from its outputs. The term "black box" is often pejorative, because components that are not observable are also difficult to diagnose or fix. In [[Software Testing]], black box testing is a valid testing approach that involves treating a component as a black box (whether or not it is one) so as to reduce the variables and more clearly ascertain the effect of a test or intervention. %% # Excalidraw Data ## Text Elements Black box ^Xd2vllf2 ## Embedded Files 015a722f4162d9a7b95bf9036cbf52e361e59f9e: [[icon-black-box.svg]] {"fill":"#000000"} c3a6e19fe578edc275ce2ed951bbd0189b1d7df6: [[icon-server.svg]] {"fill":"#ff0000"} 561bbc0d0e306901e92843cde6936858c6db480e: [[icon-database.svg]] {"fill":"#0000ff"} 8b03bd9c1d6a412e959d60dc49778af21f04095a: [[icon-chat-telephone.svg]] {"fill":"#ffa500"} ## Drawing ```compressed-json N4KAkARALgngDgUwgLgAQQQDwMYEMA2AlgCYBOuA7hADTgQBuCpAzoQPYB2KqATLZMzYBXUtiRoIACyhQ4zZAHoFAc0JRJQgEYA6bGwC2CgF7N6hbEcK4OCtptbErHALRY8RMpWdx8Q1TdIEfARcZgRmBShcZQUebQBGADYEmjoghH0EDihmbgBtcDBQMBKIEm4IABYKADEAKQBhKA4ABThcKE0ACUIABgBWACUAKwB1DgAVVJLIWEQKwn1opH5S zG5nAGZ+3u1e+IAOHh3ExN6AdkSeY9XIGA3Nge1K3oODxIBOSv74r8vbiAUEjqbjnXbxXofXpXX6VI6Va4AyQIQjKaSg8GQ6E8WHwxGFSDWZTBbi9AHMKCkNgAawQDTY+DYpAqlOszHagWy01Kmlw2GpyipQg4xHpjOZElZHHZuE5UG5kAAZoR8PgAMqwEkSQQeBUQClU2mjYGSbh8An6yk0hAamBa9A68oAoVojjhXJoeIAtjtbBqe6e3pki2C4 RwACSxA9qDyAF0AYryJlI9wOEJVQDCCKsBUAFr3Z3CEVu5jRtMZi1hBDEbi/MHnN4Ig4AxgsdhcNCbb4tpisTgAOU4Ym4Zx4UIRwZmZWYABF0lBq9xFQQwgDNEXiABRYKZbJl9P4AFCODEDqLz3nfofL4fK+JR6JAFEDjU1MHp9sfnn1DL/CrytRFAQjRhAiAilmyh6sqwQphIByaL0myaMQHzYPExCJLglTxDwCC3h8GG9MQ2CVB85wNrgio4oq vQvLeuB6sw7jiDGBJgF6bHxAS8YWtgVJwG+qqFAAvqsxSlOUkrhjOQjnPS/Z6nMLFlEsygrBa6xoM48SXs88T9JsUL7JUiRwpUlQAgGqDODwBzxNomw8L0PCnOcPCbPetkAkCxAgmgpEOf0BznIcwVOWCmybEiKJovK/kfIFwWhW5FyIVFFpEvak6lAa1pikyLLkNKHJZPKa58gKQoivlEroFKMpylBKrqpqymSHyGiBIxVpGiatbkj1NqtRUjo1 oWfiSCW0YcVOPp8v6tZBuNxbuoJh6Vgg34nDcFqtn2HaoJsDY9m2A5Dix+nnB8OlHXCR4nmeNYXleN4vZFzYWoQs7zt+v7/lOobHpG0ZxmuG7bhkpUgzxU7Pq+aDlutsOfrST0/iuCAJkmCCwagiMJiqONoxA/SJPEmiaNgRG9AgD5QvEeG2ZUmzYMQCCfB5BxBdgiTEJocI04xzH5JxtzsdxAJ8T6a2ZtmmnoLmRgQCJYmfcTHAAJoUPE9AABoA DL4KMEzMHUACO+i5gAgvoUB1IkCkAkpCyqepU7yzZVx6fECKJP0Oykx8BwWRaVme5s2iXG5BlvDiOEfVOPl+agOx7IZbk8OZRnnB50WouiaCp4hZHXFnQY54+GUcMSLHZQIg01YVbIlVy5X8oD1UMgVkpFQ1pVNaqtr2vqDJOgBhoIMavmmmg5pTrltJD8po16i6k2rZ63q+gtgZ1xAgMRlG+Qw6Uia4MmaP459csVLgvSrxuU0yxt37Xv0LnfG8 J37dwXYfN/7ZBwcGHJ6D4VwdiXFzp9b6wQFxoz+pjC065hRbh3FDZ+U5jynjgbWS815SLmS7O8J8WZ4Z43fBaRkX54EYwGh0YCFQwKOGrgPImFRsCbFwIkBAvxFQIH6A2as2AeCXjELhFCPwKbEH2AcD4mh0LnGIIqRIQsCAsQKDMdiYsuIzBPpAKWAkEYHhVoUcSkBJLoFtpILoABxcMABFV8Tt4DKUWMsPUHsRER2Zm8P2zNHhvH/qHB47ltAH EMjsA4AxTgvEronPqaByJ7HfvEfSHlfivDiaUZE+c4qoCSQMOOBkyZQmIVXGupIBoT0bj3Zusp+5t0qhuGpdVe4tzKhaaCLU7RtQ6iIN2OVBpT2TjNQZE8l4jVHmNC0a8n6bwtHNP0sBFp7yqsQOZ5CKzz02mjI69YAGcG4C8UZkA9qAPOr/IKOlg5OXutg78OkXqkR+EkNymYYEIBwWgBBAID7A2PmDFBENdw5ABZQ0hGDShUNRkuWhnTsa4yvl OaCbCJD7H6LgDOipsJXBQpizQt5NCKihB5bARL360zJvwj4xKBkCGFmgDRMwTni10ZLfikLzE3wkLgHg3V6EgSYRBZWJRRKmLVhUOoRgZwNH1gAaQ1vEIQzhfIwCMAAfSEIqUYUQpjOPmBINxakPEPAMpHUKhxmZnEOFku4pr7KGVMtee8R1ZHQm8gk/J5xklFPSaU21UgYoFy9T61JxSMllKnJlWuVS8pd1qtANp9TW5IIqh3UU8am7FWTR05Fz UJkSHatgTqdLLQT2GTPVAJyy3WgLQ6KZD8JobOrYsneValozMfhvTZSMco7NrPETmqTXghynGcw5hcgoHI4EAkBqAoTHEeOZO5j1cFPPwved10C5ywN+nCgGQpD7Q0BSKYF6DGV6IgHDTlV6UZ7r/Ig5FCLL4ULzTBYm6LMXXGxUkHgeLzgEv6ESkliQyWKgpek6ltLVH2iZSUFlOiSiXoMTerMbN5YQF5TY/lQFBVZGYZBExJQzFlGJgANTI3UB AkgWj9nDOquVQgADyCJ8A8B1QAVU3AcRSLiXbuIBB7DJYSgzvw+McH2cIRGWQeCZPYVwji0S7AIxCHrp6gm9YUsNfrMl51ihp0NaSSm6fKVlWNtIWmJrqY1Rp6bLP1XaQPbpw8i0lu6uWz11aF5DR6ZM3U41XTdpbdvZZu9lrrO7UivtDyxxk0k7c3avZ2zcHfv0ads6LqOXvGRRIwcV1fKrXg16153rvJ3Z8+9/1Sh/KPhek9qDIZ7jBbDCFRit lQrvTQh9WNz6op7QTd9FRP1YpxX+j4+LCXEsQqB8luFINXmg+SBlrFNEIYlrxDlbXe1cvQ7fHgZGcMMIkEKlhRGigSokLrYgPB6Cqiorxg1dUsC5rWBsER3r9J+yujiR4rwuwya0tsZI10faOXE1zCE1ak6VveJHV4QdmaXj08GnaUbq5mfHnG8UFQADEDN8elt5O3NZ9mk02c6fm4a2oG3mcnp6ueYza1U/rf5ztTagtb3mqF9te8avHvhb1xFr 6JLcvQLgTYjaVqlhvVWXZMdM6pIDeOg6Bl0sXP8iFMEiQwR7y+uVgrPykHgzQU1rb+WHlFdImcb76UWsvhvdCyrj7SgLkwHkiAAAhfAFVUDrnWM6SgExnsVC9z7v3UFOBQDVIQIwLEEvIsjzUc+KorKjpd89q2RBlAHSvQgRUL3TlMCgOYAgmfUQ56gNLSWkfcBZiYEL9rkAmSoizAQIPbuQ/e/5L7tg/uMpCEr4McIMeWKUiEM7yAz4EBdCDXk+ yxwRLgBhphuAcANRnm4OJaAyJMgVCz+iVYDBCAIAoB7tNJPM0SBx4qG/t/uQQGwCIOU4YFz6A1NUy/6A8c8J//fx/pBn9X8z9idmlP8rNs1ydSh/9ACMgahKdfNqdWcoCn9SoX8Mh39rQK0zRD9oDUDX8MDF5mcR4kD9EUDsg0D9BBhhBAtpd5lkCAC8CMgmMQsrIIRsoH8yCoAKCahE9k98BU8cDODuDI9o9Y8zR2DcDyDX928oAy9s89888XsO CGCpD0CohSBZCAC2AKBkRcAX12tlCYD9BNwRQrYtCdCQhiZZQqQqBBCVCuDX8zCbCJg+MJA1k/8hDX8ahsYqD7Qot9QpZVRdYjkokwltgxx0UBg/s08AiqRVQNYQjKhtARFzJ9gjpIoux/tCgIAjA2ADBN9doCBx8zQztDDGDKCu1aD0B3DD9BQSBRC492C6jiANQEBDEU5ajSASAABZNgNmEw3ATQYILrKrfeLojNbHNAEjD3BkYmUgZQXkAACh xHOGoF4B0jWJWLWN2H6AAEo9Qh9lB0xZQKh5ilj3IyReBHhNjrjUAdj9jSjJCo9BpmDi9OB9wDCz5Mgh9swuiWEpiLQshBjhjuAx8J8H8iB2iwSAQOBetQTSBx9vQB8p94TESLQlhSBaRSB+w4S0BoT0TZQsSBihjvwwTSi7BhgEBsAcg1RYS4Bej+jYSSSRjndMNqTCBGAJg8j8ACipxnZtR0h2TDlJZgJK99AXDHsotJ9OtYVut4UDA1RBS3iD pDdYZQhZD2TOTuS1pF8wAxUlRCZoxgBhIQBhIgA= ``` %%